GEOPOLITICS OF KAZAKHSTAN’S OIL: EXPORT ROUTES, RISKS AND ENERGY SECURITY

Abstract

This article analyzes the relationship between global geopolitical changes and energy security within the framework of the oil policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors conduct a comparative analysis of the role of Kazakhstan’s oil in foreign policy, as well as the geopolitical, economic, and strategic characteristics of its main export routes — the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) and the Trans-Caspian corridor.

The study applies key theories of international relations, including neorealism, neoliberalism, and geopolitical reductionism. It examines strategies for protecting Kazakhstan’s national interests in the context of oil security, sanctions risks, and infrastructure vulnerabilities.

In addition, the article addresses issues of hydrocarbon resource diversification, the development of flexible export routes, the modernization of oil refining infrastructure, and the strengthening of energy independence.